Which Spanish settlement was established in California in 1769?

The correct answer is San Diego. This settlement was the first permanent Spanish colonization in California, founded by Gaspar de Portolá and aided by the Franciscan missionary Junípero Serra. The establishment of San Diego de Alcalá marked the beginning of Spanish missions in California, set up to convert Native Americans to Christianity and to secure Spain's territorial claims in the region. The mission, along with the presidio (military fort), played a significant role in shaping California's early history by laying the groundwork for later settlements and missions throughout the state.

The other options, while significant, were established later: Santa Barbara was founded in 1782, Los Angeles was established in 1781, and San Francisco was not founded until 1776. Understanding the timeline of these settlements is crucial for grasping the early colonial efforts of Spain in North America.