Which movement aimed to respond to the challenges posed by the 95 Theses in the Catholic Church?

The movement that aimed to respond to the challenges posed by Martin Luther's 95 Theses in the Catholic Church is the Counter-Reformation. This movement emerged as a response to the Protestant Reformation, which criticized various practices of the Catholic Church, including corruption and the sale of indulgences.

The Counter-Reformation sought to address these criticisms and reaffirm Catholic doctrine. It was characterized by the work of the Council of Trent, which clarified Catholic teachings and initiated reforms within the Church to correct abuses and restore its authority. Furthermore, the Counter-Reformation involved a revitalization of the Catholic Church's mission and the establishment of new orders, such as the Jesuits, which focused on education and missionary work.

The Protestant Reformation, while related, specifically refers to Luther's initial reform efforts and the subsequent movement that broke away from Catholicism. The Renaissance, on the other hand, was a broader cultural movement focused on art, science, and humanism, and social reform does not specifically address the theological and institutional challenges posed by Luther's 95 Theses.