What term describes the trans-Atlantic trade of animals, plants, germs, and people that significantly impacted Europe, North America, South America, the Caribbean, and Africa?

The term that best describes the trans-Atlantic trade of animals, plants, germs, and people, which had profound effects on Europe, North America, South America, the Caribbean, and Africa, is the Columbian Exchange. This concept refers specifically to the widespread transfer of living organisms and other resources following Christopher Columbus's voyages to the Americas starting in 1492.

The Columbian Exchange led to significant changes in agriculture, dietary habits, population dynamics, and even the spread of diseases between the Old and New Worlds. For example, crops such as potatoes and tomatoes were introduced to Europe, greatly impacting diets and agricultural practices. Conversely, Europeans brought wheat, horses, and cattle to the Americas, transforming indigenous lifestyles and economies.

The impacts of this exchange were significant and varied, affecting not just the environments but also the cultures and societies of these regions, leading to long-lasting changes in demographics and health due to the introduction of new diseases. Thus, the term captures the essence of the profound and transformative interactions between these continents during this period.