Describe the social hierarchy established in Spanish colonies.

The social hierarchy established in Spanish colonies was primarily structured around race and place of birth. At the top of this hierarchy were the Peninsulares, individuals who were born in Spain, holding the highest positions of power and privilege in colonial governance and society. Following them were the Creoles, who were of Spanish descent but born in the Americas. They often managed large estates and held significant influence, even though they were subordinate to Peninsulares.

Next in the social order were the Mestizos, people of mixed Indigenous and European ancestry. They occupied a middle position within the social framework, often working as artisans or laborers. Below the Mestizos were the Native Americans, the original inhabitants of the land who experienced significant social and economic subjugation under colonial rule. Finally, Africans, particularly those who were enslaved, occupied the lowest tier of this social hierarchy, facing harsh conditions and exploitation.

This arrangement reflects the European colonial mindset, prioritizing descent and birthplace over other factors, and illustrates the complexities of race and class within the Spanish colonial system.